Statistics is essentially a branch of applied mathematics and may be regarded as mathematics applied to observational data. It was defined by Sir R. A. Fisher.
2. What is scope of statistics?
The scope of statistics in planning, economics, mathematics, business, industries, biology, astronomy, medical science, psychology, education, research, war.
3. Limitations of statistics?
a. It is not suited to the study of qualitative phenomenon.
b. The laws of statistics are not exact.
c. It is liable to be misused.
d. It does not study individuals.
4. Give me some definitions of statistics
a. " Statistics are the classified facts representing the conditions of the people in a state specially those facts which can be stated in number or in tables of numbers or in any tabular or classified arrangement " - Webster.
b. " Statistics are numerical statement of facts in any department of equity placed in relation to each other " - Bowley.
c. " By Statistics we mean quantitative data affected to a marked extent by multiplicity of causes" - Yule and Kendall.
5. What are the main divisions of statistics?
a. Theoretical statistics or Mathematical statistics
b. Statistical functions
c. Descriptive statistics
d. Inferential statistics
e. Applied statistics.
6. What are different types of statistical investigation?
a. Census method
b. Sample method
7. Define Census method
It means to include each and every unit or object of the population under reference for enquiry or observation. For example, to know the national income, we have to include every individual or unit which contributes towards the national income.
8. Define Sample method
It means an investigator has to select some units from the population about which conclusions have to be drawn and take observations on the selected units. The results obtained from sample values are applicable to the population as a whole.
9. What are the main four functions of statistics?
a. Collection of data
b. Presentation of data
c. Analysis of data
d. Interpretation of data
10. Different methods of collection of data
a. Direct personal enquiry method
b. Indirect oral investigation
c. By filling o schedules
d. By mailed questionnaire.
e. By old records
11. Define primary data and secondary data
a. Primary data are those which are collected from the units or individuals directly and these data have never been used for any purpose earlier.
b. Secondary data which had been collected by some individual or agency and statistically treated to draw certain conclusions. Again, the same data are used and analyzed to extract some other information, are termed as secondary data.
12. What are the requisites of a reliable data?
a. It should be consistent.
b. It should be complete.
c. It should be accurate.
d. It should be homogeneous.
13. Name some precautions to take in the planning of a survey
a. Purpose
b. Scope of survey
c. Definition of terms
d. Stating the hypothesis.
14. What are the characteristics of good questionnaire?
a. It should be brief.
b. The question should be mutually exclusive in nature.
c. Personal questions should be avoided.
d. It should not very lengthy
e. It should not take time.
15. Different kinds of statistical investigation
a. Survey
b. Open enquiry
c. Direct enquiry
d. Indirect enquiry
e. original enquiry
f. Repetitive enquiry
g. Regular enquiry
h. ad hoc enquiry
i. Limited enquiry
j. extensive enquiry
16. What is statistical regularity?
The law states that a reasonably large number of items selected at random from a large group of items selected at random from a large group of items will, on the average, be representative of the large group or population. This law is governed by the theory of probability.
17. What are the different sources of statistical errors?
a. Errors of origin
b. Errors of inadequacy
c. Errors of manipulation
d. Errors of interpretation
18. State the law of decreasing variation
Law of decreasing variation indicates that the variation in a sample tends to reduce as the sample size increases.
19. What is purpose of statistics?
Statistics deals with collection of data, classification of data, analysis of data and interpretation of data.
20. Briefly explain about primary data?
The information collected by the interviewer or investigator or enumerator from the respondents for the first time is called primary data. The primary data can be collected by any one of the following three methods.
a. Direct personal interview, the interviewer directly collects the information from the respondent by personal interview. This method accurate and reliable but this method takes more time and expensive when compared to the other methods.
b. Indirect personal interview, the interviewer collects the information from the respondent through telephonic conversation. If the respondent is not available, then the Indirect personal method is used. In case of accidents the person may not be available and hence this method is used.
c. Mailed questionnaire; the questionnaire is sent to the respondent through mail. The respondent should complete the questionnaire and return the questionnaire within fixed duration. The data collected by this method is not accurate, but this method takes less time, and it is less expensive.
21. Briefly explain about secondary data?
The data which is collected from already available records is known as secondary data. The are two sources of collecting secondary data.
a. If the information is collected from the magazines or books released by CSO, NSSO, etc., are called the Published Sources.
b. If the information is collected from the dairies or letters or private individuals then they are called the Unpublished Sources.
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